History of Ecological Sciences, Part 53: Organizing Ecologists before 1946

A History of the Ecological Sciences , Part 10 : Botany during the Italian Renaissance and Beginnings of the Scientific Revolution

Part I History and ecological basis of species distribution modeling

Recent decades have seen an explosion of interest in species distribution modeling. This has resulted from a confluence of the growing need for information on the geographical distribution of biodiversity and new and improved techniques and data suitable for addressing this information need – remote sensing, global positioning system technology, geographic information systems, and statistical l...

How Indeterminism Shapes Ecologists’ Contributions to Managing Socio-Ecological Systems

To make a difference in policy making about socio-ecological systems, ecologists must grasp when decision makers are amenable to acting on ecological expertise and when they are not. To enable them to do so we present a matrix for classifying a socio-ecological system by the extent of what we don’t know about its natural components and the social interactions that affects them. We use four exam...

History of Medical Sciences in Iran

The practice and study of medicine in Persia has a long and prolific history. The ancient Iranian medicine was combined by different medical traditions from Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China and Greece for more than 4000 years and merged to form what became the nucleus and foundation of medical practice in the European countries in the 13th century. The Iranian academic centers like Jundishapur ...

Haskell before Haskell: Curry's Contribution to Programming (1946-1950)

This paper discusses Curry’s work on how to implement the problem of inverse interpolation on the ENIAC (1946) and his subsequent work on developing a theory of program composition (1948-1950). It is shown that Curry anticipated automatic programming and that his logical work influenced his composition of programs.